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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="redalyc">306</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">La Calera</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1998-7846</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1998-8850</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional Agraria</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Nicaragua</country>
<email>donald.juarez@ci.una.edu.ni</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">3065042005</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.5377/calera.v24i43.18843</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Recursos Naturales y Ambiente</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Carbono azul almacenado en los bosques de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Blue carbon stored in the mangrove forests of the
north Pacific in Nicaragua</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2775-801X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>González-Quiroz</surname>
<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref>
<email>oscar.gonzalez@ct.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1639-917X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Vanegas</surname>
<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2 </xref>
<email>manuel.vanegas@ct.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8727-7014</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Cerda</surname>
<given-names>Eugenia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">3</xref>
<email>eugenia.castillo@ct.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4527-6855</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Lezama</surname>
<given-names>Melvin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">4 </xref>
<email>mjlezama@fh.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7280-939X</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Dolmus</surname>
<given-names>Claudia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">5</xref>
<email>claudia.dolmus@ct.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1047-1943</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Quiroz</surname>
<given-names>Issamar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn6">6</xref>
<email>osejomena12@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9961-3812</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Paz</surname>
<given-names>María</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn7">7</xref>
<email>mariad.amador16@est.unanleon.edu.ni</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8991-8237</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Solís</surname>
<given-names>Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn8">8</xref>
<email>carlossolis1401@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3152-3138</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Blanco</surname>
<given-names>Eleazar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn9">9</xref>
<email>finoeleazar240397@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6245-8095</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Pérez</surname>
<given-names>Marling</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"/>
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn10">10</xref>
<email>Marlingperez7@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León)</institution>
<country country="NI">Nicaragua</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn id="fn1" fn-type="other">
<label>1</label>
<p>Doctor en
Ecología, Conservación y Restauración de Ecosistemas</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn2" fn-type="other">
<label>2 </label>
<p> Máster en Química Fina</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn3" fn-type="other">
<label>3</label>
<p>Doctora en Biotecnología Agrícola</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn4" fn-type="other">
<label>4 </label>
<p>Doctor en Planificación e Innovación Educativa</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn5" fn-type="other">
<label>5</label>
<p>Doctora en Agrobiología Ambiental</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn6" fn-type="other">
<label>6</label>
<p>Licenciada en Biología</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn7" fn-type="other">
<label>7</label>
<p>Licenciada en Biología</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn8" fn-type="other">
<label>8</label>
<p>Licenciado en Biología</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn9" fn-type="other">
<label>9</label>
<p>Licenciado en biología</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn10" fn-type="other">
<label>10</label>
<p>Licenciada en Biología</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Julio-Diciembre</season>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>43</issue>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>08</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>03</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Los  artículos  de  la  revista  La  Calera  de  la  Universidad  Nacional  Agraria,  Nicaragua,  se  comparten  bajo  términos  de  la  licencia  Creative  Commons:  Reconocimiento,  No  Comercial,  Compartir  Igual.  Las  autorizaciones  adicionales  a  las  aquí  delimitadas  se  pueden obtener en el correo donald.juarez@ci.una.edu.ni</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Universidad Nacional Agraria</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El manglar se encuentra entre los ecosistemas más importantes del planeta, debido a los múltiples bienes y servicios ecosistémicos que brindan. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la cantidad de carbono azul almacenado en los bosques de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua. Se establecieron 178 parcela en seis sistemas de manglar (Puerto Sandino, Reserva Natural Isla Juan Venado, Corinto, Aserradores, Reserva Natural Padre Ramos y Potosí). Se registró la diversidad, abundancia, altura total y diámetro a la altura del pecho. Posteriormente se calculó la biomasa aérea y biomasa subterránea, así como el carbono orgánico almacenado en el suelo a través de la técnica volumétrica. Se descargaron imágenes satelitales del sensor Sentinel 2B (15 m x 15 m) para calcular el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada. Con la biomasa total y el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada, se realizó una regresión exponencial, a partir del cual se crearon los mapas de carbono azul al multiplicar el resultado por el factor de conversión 0.475. Al resultado se sumó el valor del carbono azul almacenado en el suelo. La especie con mayor abundancia fue <italic>Rhizophora</italic> spp, a excepción de la Isla Juan Venado en la que prevaleció <italic>Avicennia germinans</italic>, y <italic>Laguncularia racemosa </italic>en Potosí. La mayor altura y el diámetro a la altura del pecho se identificaron en la zona de Potosí, seguida de la Isla Juan Venado. Hay diferencias significativas (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) entre las alturas de las cinco especies registradas. En los seis sistemas estudiados se identificaron 20 810.6 ha de manglar. Potosí presentó el valor más alto de biomasa total con 220.9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. El sumidero de carbono total para el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua es de 3 254 613.1 Mg C (mega gramos de carbono). Anualmente el manglar de la zona de estudio tiene el potencial de capturar aproximadamente 104 052 8 Mg C.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>The mangrove is among the most important ecosystems on the planet, due to the multiple ecosystem goods and services it provides. This research assesses the amount of blue carbon stored in the mangrove forests of the North Pacific in Nicaragua. A total of 178 plots were established in six mangrove systems (Puerto Sandino, Juan Venado Island Natural Reserve, Corinto, Aserradores, Padre Ramos Natural Reserve, and Potosí). Diversity, abundance, total height, and diameter at breast height were recorded. Subsequently, aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and organic carbon stored in the soil were calculated using volumetric techniques. Satellite images from the Sentinel 2B sensor (15 x 15 m) were downloaded to calculate the normalized difference vegetation Index. An exponential regression was performed using the total biomass and the normalized difference vegetation Index, from which blue carbon maps were created by multiplying the result by the conversion factor of 0.475. The value of blue carbon stored in the soil was added to the result. The most abundant species was <italic>Rhizophora</italic> spp, except on Juan Venado Island where <italic>Avicennia germinans</italic> prevailed, and <italic>Laguncularia racemosa</italic> in Potosí. The greatest height and diameter at breast height were identified in the Potosí area, followed by Juan Venado Island. There is a significant difference (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) in the heights of the five recorded species. A total of 20 810.6 ha of mangrove were identified in the six systems studied. Potosí had the highest total biomass value at 220.9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. The total carbon sink for the Pacific in Nicaragua is 3 254 613.1 Mg C (mega grams of carbon). Annually, the mangrove in the study area has the potential to capture approximately 104 052.8 Mg C.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>biomasa aérea</kwd>
<kwd>biomasa subterránea</kwd>
<kwd>sumidero de carbono</kwd>
<kwd>índice de vegetación</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Aboveground biomass</kwd>
<kwd>belowground biomass</kwd>
<kwd>carbon sink</kwd>
<kwd>vegetation index</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="3"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="38"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title/>
<p> Los manglares son ecosistemas marino-costeros que se ubican y desarrollan en las planicies costeras de los trópicos y subtrópicos, principalmente alrededor de esteros y lagunas costeras, cerca de las desembocaduras de ríos y arroyos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref30">Rodríguez Zúñiga <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Los bosques de manglares cubren un área de 152 000 km<sup>2</sup> en 123 naciones y territorios tropicales y subtropicales; esto es menos del 1 % de todos los bosques tropicales del mundo y menos del 0.4 % del total de bosques globales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref35">Van Lavieren <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). </p>
<p> Las actividades humanas emiten cantidades importantes de dióxido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>), metano (CH<sub>4</sub>) y óxido nitroso (N<sub>2</sub>O) a la atmósfera, contribuyendo al incremento en la concentración de los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) con repercusiones en el cambio climático global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref2">Bautista-Olivas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref19">Intergovernmental  Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC), 2013</xref>). El incremento es aún mayor producto de la deforestación del bosque de manglar, contribuyendo de manera desproporcionada a las emisiones antropogénicas de gases de efecto invernadero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref16">Hamilton  y Friess, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref21">Kauffman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref25">Moya <italic>et  al</italic>., 2005</xref>)]. </p>
<p> Los ecosistemas de manglar son esenciales para el ser humano, y funcionan de una manera tan complicada e interconectada entre sí que no pueden ser reemplazados por la tecnología (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref8">Daily <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>). Estos brindan servicios ecosistémicos (SE), que sirve como una herramienta para establecer un valor de los ecosistemas para las personas. Para el caso de los manglares, se ha evaluado su importancia a partir de los servicios ecosistémicos que brindan a distintas escalas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref9">de  Groot <italic>et al</italic>., (2012)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref12">Ewel <italic>et al</italic>.,  (1998)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref13">Flores <italic>et al</italic>., (2013)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref14">Getzner e Islam, (2020)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref37">Vo <italic>et al</italic>., 2012)</xref>]. Las metodologías varían, desde la valoración propiamente económicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref33">Sarhan, 2014</xref>), hasta las perspectivas de los usuarios directos [(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref23">Krause <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref27">Nyangoko <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>)]. </p>
<p> El almacenamiento de CO<sub>2</sub> por parte de los manglares puede contribuir a la mitigación del cambio climático. Los bosques de manglares almacenan altas cantidades de carbono comparado con otros ecosistemas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref21">Kauffman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref28">Richards <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)]. A este carbono que almacenan los ecosistemas costeros y marinos se le denominan "carbono azul", ya que capturan grandes cantidades de dióxido de carbono (CO₂) y lo almacenan durante largos períodos de tiempo. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref10">Donato <italic>et  al</italic>., 2011</xref>) indican que los manglares pueden almacenar un promedio de 1 023 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> (mega gramos de carbono por hectárea), siendo unos de los bosques más ricos en carbono en la región tropical. La información precisa sobre el sumidero de carbono en los manglares puede ayudar a la búsqueda de financiamiento para la protección, gestión y rehabilitación de los ecosistemas críticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref4">Bindu <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En el Pacífico de Nicaragua se estiman 19 700 ha de manglar, localizadas principalmente en la zona norte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref6">Carvajal  y Soto Valdivia, 2006</xref>).  </p>
<p> Existe poco conocimiento sobre la cantidad de carbono azul almacenado en los ecosistemas costeros de Nicaragua, en especial de los manglares, aún con la importancia que representa en la escala local y global. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo estimar el carbono azul almacenado en los bosques de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua (desde Puerto Sandino hasta Potosí).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>MATERIALES Y
MÉTODOS</bold>
</title>
<p>El proyecto se realizó en los manglares del Pacífico de
Nicaragua, desde Puerto Sandino, en el departamento de León, hasta la Reserva
Natural Estero Real en Chinandega (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>). La zona se caracteriza por
presentar un clima tropical de sabana con estación seca de seis meses entre los
meses de noviembre-abril. Con una precipitación anual promedio que oscila entre
los 1 150 mm y 1 300 mm, con una temperatura entre 26.9 °C y 29.3 °C. Se
caracteriza por presentar una vegetación de manglar y bosque tropical seco,
entre las especies del manglar encontramos a <italic>Rhizophora mangle</italic>, <italic>R. harrisonii</italic>,<italic> R. racemosa</italic>, <italic>Laguncularia racemosa</italic>, <italic>Avicennia germinans</italic>, <italic>A. bicolor</italic> y <italic>Conocarpus erectus</italic>.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<bold>Figura 1.</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecosistemas de manglar en el Pacífico
Norte de Nicaragua, desde Puerto Sandino hasta Potosí.</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1. Ecosistemas de manglar en el Pacífico
Norte de Nicaragua, desde Puerto Sandino hasta Potosí.</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4781/3065042005_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Las especies de manglar están bajo
protección, dentro y fuera de las áreas protegidas. La zona de muestreo tiene
tres reservas naturales; Isla Juan Venado, Padre Ramos y Estero Real (Potosí),
todas ellas con planes de manejo y en proceso de actualización. Tanto Puerto
Sandino, Corinto y Aserradores están fuera del sistema de área protegidas, pero
con una importante área con cobertura de manglar.</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Estructura y almacenamiento de carbono del ecosistema de
manglar</bold>
</title>
<p> Se seleccionaron 30 parcelas de muestreo para las mediciones de biomasa y estructura del bosque de manglar por cada zona, a excepción de Potosí que era un área más pequeña con solo ocho parcelas. Cada parcela media 20 m x 10 m (200 m<sup>2</sup>). Las parcelas por cada sitio fueron seleccionados al azar, en función de la heterogeneidad de la cobertura del bosque de manglar, para ello, se hizo uso de imágenes satelitales de Sentinel 2B con tamaño de píxel de 10 m x 10 m, las que fueron preprocesadas con el software QGIS 3.2 (acceso libre). Los análisis estadísticos y gráficos fueron realizados con el software RStudio 3.5.0 (acceso libre). </p>
<p> Para conocer la estructura del bosque de manglar, en cada parcela se identificaron las especies, la densidad poblacional, la regeneración natural, daños antrópicos y daños naturales. Se realizaron medición del diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y altura total para cada especie.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Cálculos de biomasa</bold>
</title>
<p> Para determinar la biomasa aérea (AGB) y biomasa subterránea (BGB), se utilizaron ecuaciones alométricas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref22">Komiyama <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) ; tomando en cuenta los datos morfometricos para cada especie y el factor de densidad de cada especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref4">Bindu <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) .  </p>
<p> Biomasa aérea</p>
<p>
<italic>AGB </italic>= 0.251 * <italic>p </italic>* <italic>DBH</italic>
<sup>2.46</sup>
</p>
<p> Donde: <italic>AGB</italic>: Biomasa aérea, 0.251: Constante,    : Densidad específica para cada tipo de especies, <italic>DBH</italic>: Diametro a la Altura del Pecho. </p>
<p> Biomasa subterránea (raíces)</p>
<p>
<italic>BGB</italic> = 0.199 * <italic>p </italic>
<sup>0.899 </sup>* <italic>DBH </italic>
<sup>2.22</sup>
</p>
<p>Donde: BGB:
Biomasa subterránea, 0.199: Constante,   : Densidad específica para cada tipo de especies, DBH: Diametro a la altura
del pecho.</p>
<p>La suma de la AGB y BGB
corresponde a la biomasa total de la parcela, el cual fue usado para calcular
la biomasa en toda la cobertura boscosa del ecosistema de manglar para cada
sitio de muestreo.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Cálculo del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada
(NDVI)</bold>
</title>
<p> Se descargaron imágenes satelitales con ayuda del sensor Sentinel 2B (imágenes corregidas atmosféricamente) de la página web https://scihub.copernicus.eu/ de preferencia con un tamaño de píxel de 15 m x 15 m. Las imágenes fueron procesadas con el software QGIS 3.2 (acceso libre).  </p>
<p> Una vez descargadas las imágenes se procedió a corregir vacios (gaps), los cuales son causados por una falla en el instrumento que corrige las líneas escaneadas, provocando vacíos en las distintas imágenes adquiridas del satélite, que se rellenan usando el Phase 2 Gap- Fill Algorithm, propuesto y utilizado por el servicio geológico de los Estados Unidos (USGS), basado en un ajuste lineal local del histograma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref29">Rocha, 1999</xref>).</p>
<p> Con las imágenes corregidas se calculó el índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI) para estimar la vigorosidad de la vegetación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref31">Rouse <italic>et al</italic>., 1974</xref>). El NDVI está basado en la absorción del espectro rojo y el infrarrojo cercano.</p>
<p>
<italic>NDVI</italic> = (<italic>NIR</italic> - <italic>R</italic>) / (<italic>NIR</italic> + <italic>R</italic>)</p>
<p>Donde: <italic>NDVI</italic>:
Índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada, <italic>NIR</italic>: Espectro de
infrarrojo cercano, <italic>R</italic>: Espectro rojo.</p>
<p>A partir de los datos de
la biomasa aérea (AGB), biomasa subterránea (BGB) y los valores del NDVI para
las parcelas seleccionadas, se realizó una regresión exponencial, a partir de
la cual, se calculó la biomasa total para cada zona de muestreo, tomando en
cuenta la formula de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref26">Myeong <italic>et al</italic>. (2006)</xref>.</p>
<p>
<italic>AGB = a * e</italic>
<sup>(<italic>NDVI*b</italic>)</sup>
</p>
<p> Donde a y b son constantes que se obtuvieron de la regresión entre el valor del píxel del NDVI y el AGB (muestreo de campo) de las parcelas seleccionadas. El valor de la parcela se ajustará al tamaño del píxel.  </p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Carbono total en el suelo</bold>
</title>
<p> Las muestras de suelo se recolectaron en 10 parcelas seleccionadas al azar de las 30 parcelas del muestreo de estructura del bosque de manglar. La profundidad de muestreo fue de 20 cm, se depositaron en un recipiente limpio y seco, mezclándo hasta obtener una muestra homogénea de aproximadamente 1 kg y transferida a bolsas plásticas Ziploc®.  </p>
<p> Posteriormente las muestras fueron secadas sobre un papel limpio y seco, por un periodo de 48 horas. Una vez seca se tamizaron y se molieron con un mortero y luego se pasaron por un tamiz de 2 mm de diámetro. Posteriormente se empacaron en bolsas plásticas para su posterior análisis químico del carbono almacenado en el suelo, a través de la técnica volumétrica en el laboratorio de química del suelo de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Carbono azul almacenado</bold>
</title>
<p>Para el cálculo del
carbono azul almacenado en el bosque de mangle, se usó el método estandarizado
internacionalmente para las mediciones del almacenamiento de carbono azul en
los ecosistemas, incluidos los manglares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref17">Howard <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).
Es así que, para crear el mapa de carbono se multiplicó el total de la biomasa
(aérea y subterránea) por el factor de conversión 0.475 (47.5 % de biomasa) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref19">Intergovernmental
 Panel on Climate Change
 (IPCC), 2013</xref>). Al resultado se sumó el valor del carbono
total en el suelo, para obtener el valor total de reservorio de carbono en los
bosques de manglar para cada zona de estudio.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>RESULTADOS Y
DISCUSIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p> La especie con mayor abundancia (individuos por hectáreas) fue <italic>Rhizophora</italic> spp, a excepción de la Isla Juan Venado y Potosí, donde predominaron <italic>Avicennia germinans</italic> y <italic>Laguncularia racemosa</italic> respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Los registros de dominancia coinciden con (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref20">Kauffman <italic>et  al</italic>., 2020</xref>), en una evaluación realizada a escala global, que incluye datos de Honduras y Costa Rica. Avicennia germinans fue la segunda más dominante en el muestreo, principalmente en la reserva natural Isla Juan Venado, situación causada por fenómenos naturales y factores antrópicos. Al modificarse la estructura del bosque de manglar puede tener efectos en la biomasa y el reservorio de carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref36">Velázquez-Pérez  <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).  </p>
<p> En general se observan árboles de baja altura y diámetros pequeños correspondiente a bosques jóvenes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt1">Cuadro 1</xref>). El mayor porcentaje de árboles son menores a los diez metros de altura, coincidiendo con datos registrados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref6">Carvajal y Soto Valdivia, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref24">Mendoza Hernández <italic>et  al</italic>., 2009</xref>) . La zona de Potosí presenta altura y diámetros mayores que la media general para todas las especies, seguidos por los árboles de la Isla Juan Venado. El sector de Puerto Sandino presentó los valores más bajos. Estos resultados son comparativos con los registros de los bosques de manglar para Centroamérica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref1">Alfaro-Sibaja <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref7">Chicas <italic>et al</italic>.,  2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref32">Samper-Villarreal y Silva-Benavides, 2015</xref>) .</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt1">
<label>Cuadro 1.</label>
<caption>
<title>Características estructurales del bosque de
manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>

Cuadro 1. Características estructurales del bosque de
manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4785/3065042005_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:389.85pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:4.8pt;  " id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:6.55pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:   0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  Sitio
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  Especie
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  N
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  %
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  Altura
  (m)
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:   none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:   0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  DAP
  (cm)
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.55pt">
  Densidad
  (ind ha<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:6.9pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt" rowspan="5">
  Puerto Sandino
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
<italic>
  Rhizophora spp
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
  502
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
  50.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
  3.9±2.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
    5.1±3.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:6.9pt">
  837
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:3.35pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia germinans
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
  351
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
  35.1
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
  2.7±2.5
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
    4.6±4.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:3.35pt">
  585
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   94
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    9.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  4.7±3.0
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    5.7±3.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  157
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.25pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
<italic>
  Conocarpus erectus
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
   53
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
    5.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
  5.6±3.3
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
    8.1±4.6
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.25pt">
    88
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  1 000
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt" rowspan="5">
  Isla Juan Venado
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Rhizophora spp
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  492
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  29.9
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  7.3±4.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    8.7±5.9
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  492
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia germinans
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  701
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  42.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.6±3.5
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    8.5±4.8
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  701
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  438
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  26.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  7.2±3.9
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    6.7±3.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  438
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Conocarpus erectus
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    12
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    0.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  2.7±1.0
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  12.7±6.6
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    12
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   1
  643
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt" rowspan="4">
  Corinto
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Rhizophora spp
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  654
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  71.8
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.9±3.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   6.4±4.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
     
  1 022
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia germinans
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  234
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  25.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  4.7±3.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   7.1±6.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    366
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    23
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    2.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  5.6±3.8
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   5.9±3.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
     36
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  911
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt" rowspan="6">
  Aserradores
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Rhizophora spp
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  349
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  75.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  6.1±3.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   8.5±5.7
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  727
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia germinans
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    94
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  20.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  3.9±3.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   6.5±7.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  196
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
      3
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    0.6
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  3.0±1.0
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   4.4±2.9
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
     6
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Conocarpus erectus
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
     4
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    0.9
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  1.3±0.5
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   2.2±1.1
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
     8
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia bicolor
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    13
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    2.8
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.1±2.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   6.6±2.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   27
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  463
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt" rowspan="5">
  Padre Ramos
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Rhizophora spp
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  626
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  90.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.7±3.9
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    8.2±5.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    
  1 010
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
<italic>
  Avicennia germinans
  </italic>
</td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    56
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    8.1
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.2±2.6
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  10.4±7.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    90
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
      8
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    1.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  4.1±2.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    5.2±6.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    13
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Avicennia bicolor
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
      2
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    0.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  6.5±0.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  10.4±5.6
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
      3
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  964
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
   100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt" rowspan="6">
  Potosí
  </td>
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  Rhizophora spp
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    56
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
   19.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  17.4±9.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  20.3±10.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  350
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  Avicennia germinans
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    23
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
     8.0
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  10.6±6.2
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    12.0±8.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  144
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  Laguncularia racemosa
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  151
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    52.2
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  9.2±5.8
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
      8.4±7.4
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  944
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  Conocarpus erectus
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
      9
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
      3.1
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
  5.4±0.9
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    11.1±2.5
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:2.1pt">
    56
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Avicennia bicolor
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    50
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
    17.3
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  5.9±2.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
      6.7±3.9
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  313
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.1pt">
<td style="width:99.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  Total
  </td>
<td style="width:35.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  692
  </td>
<td style="width:42.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
     
   100
  </td>
<td style="width:49.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
<td style="width:49.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:2.1pt">
  -
  </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Existe una disminución de las
abundancias por hectárea de árboles de mangle comparado con los estudios de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref6">Carvajal y Soto Valdivia, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref24">Mendoza Hernández <italic>et
 al</italic>., 2009</xref>) .
Se registraron densidades entre 1807-964 árboles ha<sup>-1</sup>, siendo
medianamente bajos comparados con la investigación de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref32">Samper-Villarreal y Silva-Benavides, 2015</xref>) . La
densidad de árboles influye significativamente en el contenido del carbono
aéreo de los manglares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref36">Velázquez-Pérez
 <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Biomasa
(Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) y carbono (Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>)</bold>
</title>
<p>
<italic>Avicennia germinans</italic> y <italic>Rhizophora</italic> spp presentaron los valores más alto de biomasa por
hectáreas, siendo muy heterogénea a lo largo de los seis sitios de muestreo
(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">Figura 2</xref>). La isla Juan Venado registró os mayores valores de biomasa con la
especie de <italic>A. germinans</italic>, contrario al resto de
muestreo, característico de lugares altamente afectados por las acciones
antrópicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref15">González
 Quiroz, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>
<bold>Figura 2.</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Biomasa aérea por especies según zona de
muestreo</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 2. Biomasa aérea por especies según zona de
muestreo</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4782/3065042005_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p> Potosí tiene los valores promedio más alto de biomasa por hectárea (Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>), superando las 200 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. El valor más bajo de biomasa registrado fue en Puerto Sandino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">Cuadro 2</xref>). </p>
<p> Se identificaron 20 810.6 ha de cubierta de manglar, con distintos niveles de salud. El área identificada coincide con datos reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref6">Carvajal  y Soto Valdivia, 2006</xref>), quienes indican que la zona del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua tiene unas 19 700 ha cubiertas por manglar. Corinto con sus 5 976 ha, representó el 28.7 % del manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua, seguidos de Padre Ramos con 22.7 % y Aserradores con 20.2 % (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt2">Cuadro 2</xref>). </p>
<p> El valor más alto de biomasa por hectárea se registró en la zona de Potosí, coincidiendo con las mayores alturas y diámetros registrados (esta zona pertenece al área protegida Estero Real). Corinto y Padre Ramos registraron los mayores valores de biomasa en total, debido a su mayor cobertura de mangle. De las tres áreas protegidas (Isla Juan Venado, Padre Ramos y Estero Real), la Reserva Natural Isla Juan Venado presentó los valores más bajo de biomasa con 155.9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. El promedio de biomasa fue de 182.2±123.3 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>, valores similares a los reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref10">Donato <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref19">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref34">Simard <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Estos valores suelen observarse en ecosistemas afectados por factores antrópicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref36">Velázquez-Pérez <italic>et al</italic>.,  2019</xref>). Los resultados son inferiores a las medias globales (166.48±84.97 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>; solo biomasa area) de los bosques tropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref18">Hu <italic>et  al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt2">
<label>Cuadro 2.</label>
<caption>
<title> Biomasa acumulada en seis ecosistemas de
manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Cuadro 2.  Biomasa acumulada en seis ecosistemas de
manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4786/3065042005_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:420.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;  margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:  4.8pt;  " id="gt3-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:27.4pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Zona de muestreo
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Número de píxel
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Área (ha)
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Biomasa aérea
  (Mg Píxel<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Biomasa subterránea
  (Mg Píxel<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Biomasa
  (Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:27.4pt">
  Total de biomasa
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:9.5pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  Puerto Sandino
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  267 041
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  2 670.4
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  0.94±0.98
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  0.56±0.53
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  149.5
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.5pt">
  399 275.2
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:5.75pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  Isla Juan Venado
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  233 065
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  2 330.7
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  0.97±0.80
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  0.58±0.43
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  155.9
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:5.75pt">
  363 299.7
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:9.4pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  Corinto 
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  597 661
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  5 976.6
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  1.14±0.77
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  0.68±0.41
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
  181.6
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:9.4pt">
   1 085 543.0
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:13.1pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  Aserradores
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  420 751
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  4 207.5
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  1.13±0.65
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  0.68±0.35
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  180.6
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:13.1pt">
  759 971.5
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:7.65pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  Padre Ramos
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  472 272
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
        4 722.7
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  1.29±0.96
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  0.75±0.50
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  204.6
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.65pt">
  966 211.8
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:10.6pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
  Potosí
  </td>
<td style="width:49.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
    90
  265
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
     902.7
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
  1.40±1.04
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
  0.81±0.46
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
  220.9
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:10.6pt">
  199 399.4
  </td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:6.95pt">
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt"/>
<td style="width:49.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
  2 081 055
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
  20 810.6
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
  x̅=1.15±0.87
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
  x̅=0.68±0.46
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
  x̅=182.2
  </td>
<td style="width:60.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.95pt">
   3 773 700.6
  </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt3">
<label>Cuadro 3.</label>
<caption>
<title>Carbono acumulado en seis ecosistemas de manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Cuadro
3. Carbono acumulado en seis ecosistemas de manglar en el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4787/3065042005_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:404.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;  " id="gt4-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:25.5pt;">
<td style="width:77.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Zona de muestreo
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Carbono Azul (Mg C)
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Carbono en suelo (Mg C)
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Carbono Azul Total (Mg C)
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Carbono Azul (Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:25.5pt" rowspan="2">
  Carbono en Suelo (Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>)
  </td>
<td style="border:none;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm"/>
<td style="height:25.5pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.35pt">
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.35pt"/>
<td style="height:1.35pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:9.25pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  Puerto Sandino
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  189 655.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  155 708.2
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  345 363.9
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  71.0
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt">
  58.3
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:9.25pt"/>
<td style="height:9.25pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:6.15pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  Isla Juan Venado
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  172 567.4
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  146 752.1
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  319 319.5
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  74.0
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:6.15pt">
  63.0
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:6.15pt"/>
<td style="height:6.15pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.75pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  Corinto 
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  515 632.9
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  425 329.6
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  940 962.5
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  86.3
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.75pt">
  71.2
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:2.75pt"/>
<td style="height:2.75pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:7.2pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  Aserradores
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  360 986.5
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  301 963.4
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  662 949.9
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  85.8
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:7.2pt">
  71.8
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:7.2pt"/>
<td style="height:7.2pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:3.75pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  Padre Ramos
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  458 950.6
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  359 873.0
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  818 823.6
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  97.2
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.75pt">
  76.2
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:3.75pt"/>
<td style="height:3.75pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:2.35pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
  Potosí
  </td>
<td style="width:57.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
    94 714.7
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
    72 479.0
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
  167 193.7
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
  104.9
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:2.35pt">
  80.3
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:2.35pt"/>
<td style="height:2.35pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:3.1pt">
<td style="width:77.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt"/>
<td style="width:57.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt">
  1 792 507.8
  </td>
<td style="width:2.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt">
  1 462 105.3
  </td>
<td style="width:63.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt">
    3 254 613.1
  </td>
<td style="width:63.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt">
        x̅=86.5
  </td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:3.1pt">
          x̅=70.1
  </td>
<td style="width:8.0pt;padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:3.1pt"/>
<td style="height:3.1pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf3">
<label>
<bold>Figura 3. </bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Distribución de biomasa en seis sistemas
de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua.</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 3.  Distribución de biomasa en seis sistemas
de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua.</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4783/3065042005_gf4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
<p> El sumidero de carbono azul para el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua es de 1 792 507.8 Mg C para la parte aérea y subterránea de los árboles en las 20 810.6 ha de manglar estimadas. Esto representa 86.5±10.7 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> en promedio de almacenamiento para los seis sistemas de manglar evaluados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Los resultados son similares a los reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref2">Bautista-Olivas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) en el bosque El Sargento en Sonora (México) en una zona bien conservadas (54.1-158.4 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>), así mismo ligeramente superiores (36-65.5 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>) a zonas altamente afectada por factores antrópicos localizados en la Bahía del Tóbari, Sonora. El nivel de impactos antrópicos sobre los ecosistemas de manglar tiene efectos sobre el almacenamiento de carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref5">Blanco-Libreros <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). </p>
<p> En solo 20 cm de profundidad de suelo, se contabilizaron 1 462 105.3 Mg C almacenado en el suelo de las seis zonas de estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="gt3">Cuadro 3</xref>), evidenciando la importancia de los manglares como sumideros de carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref17">Howard <italic>et  al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Los 20 cm representan tan solo el 23.1 % del total de carbono almacena en 100 cm de profundidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref3">Bhomia <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los valores de carbono en suelo están relacionados con la biomasa, siendo Padre Ramos y Potosí los que presentaron los mayores registros en promedio con 76.2 y 80.3 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. Sumado los dos componentes de almacenamiento de carbono [Carbono Azul (Mg C) y Carbono en Suelo (Mg C)], el bosque de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua almacena 3 254 613.1 Mg C en total (aéreo, subterráneo y suelo), con los mayores registros para Corinto con 940 962.5 Mg C. En promedio se observaron 156.7±16.5 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> de carbono azul y carbono en el suelo para el Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua, superiores a los 122±16 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> reportados por (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref11">Doughty <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) en Florida, USA.  </p>
<p> De acuerdo con (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_3065042005_ref38">Zeng <italic>et  al</italic>., 2021</xref>) Nicaragua tiene un potencial de financiamiento de 3 900±600 ha, aportando un potencial de mitigación de cambio climático de 51 000±14 000 t CO<sub>2 </sub>por año<sup>-1</sup>, y con un valor presente neto de 1 760 000±645 000 USD por año<sup>-1</sup>. El total de carbono almacenado anualmente en los bosques de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua podría ser parte del mercado de almacenamiento de carbono y además contribuir a la conservación a través de los fondos de este mecanismo. Los resultados evidencian que la cantidad de carbono almacenado podría aumentar en correspondencia con las estrategias de conservación. Es necesario garantizar mayor salud de bosque, restaurar y mantener las coberturas de manglar para conservar los importante e irremplazables servicios ecosistémicos del manglar, en especial el almacenamiento de carbono.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf4">
<label>
<bold>Figura 4.</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Carbono almacenado en los seis sistemas de
manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 4. Carbono almacenado en los seis sistemas de
manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="https://lacalera.una.edu.ni/index.php/CALERA/article/download/579/version/631/1115/4784/3065042005_gf5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>CONCLUSIONES</bold>
</title>
<p> El bosque de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua es joven, de bajas alturas y diámetros pequeños. Los mayores diámetros y alturas se observan en <italic>Rhizophora</italic> spp. El ecosistema de manglar contribuye al almacenamiento de carbono a escala local y global, evidenciado por la alta cantidad de carbono almacenado en los seis sistemas de manglar del Pacífico Norte de Nicaragua. El carbono azul que almacena anualmente el bosque de manglar, potencialmente podría ser parte del sistema de pago por almacenamiento de carbono para contribuir a las labores de conservación del ecosistema de manglar.  </p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>Agradecimientos</title>
<p>Esta investigación fue posible gracias al financiamiento
del Consejo Nacional de Universidades (CNU) a través de los Fondos Concursables
de Investigación. Los investigadores agradecen el apoyo brindado por el
Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales (MARENA) y las comunidades
locales de los seis sitios estudiados. Así mismo, al grupo de estudiantes del
departamento de Biología de la UNAN-León que participaron en las actividades de
campo.</p>
</ack>
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